The following works for me:
- Open "Mail (Microsoft Outlook)" in the Control Panel.
- Select "Email Accounts."
- Select the relevant IMAP account.
- Go to "More Settings" -> "Advanced."
- Enter "INBOX" in the "Path to the root folder" field. (Important: Use capital letters, as shown here.)
- Confirm everything with "OK" and start Outlook.
Outlook freezes as soon as I make this change.
- Close Outlook.
- Open "Mail (Microsoft Outlook)" in the Control Panel.
- Select "Email Accounts."
- Select the IMAP account in question.
- Go to "More Settings" -> Advanced.
- Enter "Inbox" in the root directory path. (Important: Use the correct spelling, as shown here.)
- Confirm everything with OK and start Outlook.
Now the remaining IMAP folders are also displayed in German.
I hope this helps.