We are experiencing exactly the same behavior (empty sender), but as far as we can see, only with messages that are signed with SMIME (90% of the emails we use are signed with SMIME). In this context, we also occasionally have the problem that an error window appears with the message “Unable to connect to the server.” Outlook always has to be restarted, after which it usually works.
Please note that in our case, if the sender is empty, the entire message is empty for the recipient.
Unfortunately, a ticket did not help us, as ST was unable to reproduce the problem.
We tested everything: clearing the cache, recreating the profile, using a different PC, deactivating the virus scanner on the client and server, checking the firewall, but unfortunately without success.